2024: A Year of Progress and a Vision for the Future

SESAMm is delighted to welcome Magnus Billing to its Advisory Board. With more than 30 years of experience at the intersection of finance, technology, and sustainability, Magnus brings a wealth of knowledge and global perspective to support SESAMm’s mission of advancing AI-powered ESG and reputational risk analysis.

“Magnus has been a driving force in the evolution of sustainable finance, combining deep regulatory insight with a strong understanding of how data and technology can accelerate change,” said Sylvain Forté, CEO and Co-Founder of SESAMm. “His experience and perspective will be invaluable as we continue to scale globally and strengthen our partnerships with leading financial institutions in the Nordics and beyond.”

Magnus has held several senior leadership roles throughout his career, including CEO of Alecta, Sweden’s largest pension fund with approximately USD 100 billion in assets under management, and CEO of Nasdaq Nordics and Baltic Markets. Earlier in his career, he served as Chief Legal Counsel for Nasdaq Europe, overseeing market regulation and governance across multiple jurisdictions.

Beyond his corporate leadership, Magnus has played an influential role in shaping the global sustainable finance agenda. As a member of the EU High-Level Expert Group (HLEG) on Sustainable Finance, he contributed to the development of the EU Sustainable Finance Action Plan, which continues to guide regulatory frameworks across Europe.

Today, Magnus serves as a non-executive director and senior advisor to organizations advancing sustainability and development finance. He was recently appointed Independent Chair of the Future of Sustainable Data Alliance (FoSDA), further expanding his contribution to advancing sustainability data and analytics worldwide.

“SESAMm’s work at the intersection of AI and sustainable finance is both innovative and impactful. I look forward to supporting the company’s mission to help financial institutions better understand and act on ESG and reputational risks,” Magnus stated.

We’re thrilled to welcome Magnus to SESAMm’s Advisory Board and look forward to working together as we continue to advance AI-powered ESG and reputational risk analysis worldwide.

SESAMm’s AI Technology Reveals ESG Insights

Discover unparalleled insights into ESG controversies, risks, and opportunities across industries. Learn more about how SESAMm can help you analyze millions of private and public companies using AI-powered text analysis tools.

As 2025 kicks off, we stopped to take a look at the significant environmental, social, and governance (ESG) controversies of 2024, as we do every year. In this article, we dive into the three public companies with the most controversies for each pillar: environmental, social, and governance, analyzing the companies and the wider impact of the controversies themselves. Join us as we analyze these key moments that have not only influenced public opinion but also shaped the future of responsible business practices.

ESG Risks: Focus 2024

Starting with environmental risks, biodiversity and ecosystems, climate change, waste management, and atmospheric pollution emerged as the most scrutinized sub-risks in 2024. These issues were primarily tied to greenwashing, such as the Mercer Super case and energy companies' expansions at the expense of climate change.

Meanwhile, for social controversies, working conditions and fundamental human rights took center stage. Notably, some companies were linked to forced labor, while coffee supply chains were linked to child labor. Boycotts over the war on Gaza have also been a major highlight of 2024.

Finally, for governance, fraud and legal investigations have been a big driver of controversies, mainly linked to financial fraud cases. This was followed by terrorism financing linked to the war on Gaza, as well as corruption and bribery charges.

Environmental Controversies: Top 3 Public Companies

Shell

In 2024, Shell faced a host of environmental controversies, particularly through its Nigerian subsidiary, Nigeria Delta, which was implicated in serious water pollution due to oil spills. The company dealt with several other notable controversies, including a €15 million compensation related to the spills, a New York City lawsuit over climate change, and a landmark emissions ruling from a Dutch court. Additionally, the company faced condemnation from U.S. lawmakers for alleged greenwashing practices, a carbon credit scandal, and a water contamination lawsuit resolved with a  $230 million settlement.

ExxonMobil

2024 was a challenging year for ExxonMobil. First, its Hammerhead project was hit by an FDA-required Environmental Impact Assessment to evaluate the potential ecological risks. Then, conflicts with Venezuela arose over environmental concerns, followed by several U.S. lawsuits. California, Kansas, and Puerto Rico all sued the company for issues ranging from global plastic pollution and greenwashing to trade law violations. Additionally, ExxonMobil was targeted in a climate lawsuit and faced ongoing fallout from the 1989 oil spill. Protests from groups like CalPERS and student activists highlighted dissatisfaction with ExxonMobil’s environmental practices, emphasizing the company's broad regulatory and public relations challenges.

TotalEnergies

Coming in at number three, TotalEnergies dealt with several environmental controversies, notbably protests related to its East African crude oil pipeline project in Tanzania and Uganda. The company has also been accused of greenwashing and misleading sustainability claims while struggling with oil leaks at its Donges refinery and Egina field. On top of these environmental controversies, TotalEngeries faced key governance and social controversies, including a $48 million fine by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) for attempting to manipulate the European gasoline market in March 2018. There are also ongoing investigations into an attack in Mozambique.

Social Controversies: Top 3 Public Companies

Boeing

In 2024, Boeing faced significant challenges due to safety concerns and production controversies, which have fueled employee unrest and public skepticism. Recent incidents, including a missing door plug attachment on a Boeing 737 Max and investigations into quality control lapses at Boeing and its supplier Spirit AeroSystems, have eroded trust among small businesses reliant on the manufacturer. Whistleblower testimonies and increasing scrutiny from Congress and the FAA highlight systemic safety failures. These developments suggest a difficult path ahead for Boeing as it works to regain credibility amid ongoing struggles.

Pfizer

In 2024, Pfizer faced scrutiny after EU documents revealed over 4.9 million adverse events and 3,280 deaths linked to its COVID-19 vaccine, especially among women and individuals aged 31-50. Critics allege Pfizer continued distribution despite knowing the risks, questioning the EMA's approval. Additionally, DNA contaminants, including carcinogenic SV40 sequences, have been reported in the vaccines. A whistleblower disclosed that Pfizer employees were offered a "separate" COVID vaccine, raising concerns about access inequality. Kansas has filed a lawsuit accusing Pfizer of misleading the public about vaccine safety; meanwhile, the company faces fines in the UK for excessive pricing of an anti-epileptic drug.

Meta

In 2024, Meta faced intense scrutiny and legal challenges due to multiple controversies, including a significant data breach, allegations of failing to protect children, and privacy concerns. The company settled a $1.4 billion lawsuit related to facial recognition practices and was fined $220 million by Nigeria for violating data laws. Additional lawsuits from school districts and the Consumer Protection Association highlighted issues related to social media addiction and mental health impacts on teenagers.

Governance Controversies: Top 3 Public Companies

Alphabet

2024 was a legally challenging year for Alphabet, facing numerous antitrust issues globally. For instance, Allegro sued Alphabet for $568 million over anti-competitive practices, and the U.S. Justice Department accused Google of monopolies in the search engine and Android app markets. It has also faced an antitrust ruling, which it plans to appeal. In Europe, Google was scrutinized under the Digital Markets Act and fined 71 million euros in Turkey for anti-competitive behavior. Additionally, France imposed a $271 million fine on Google for using news content without publisher consent, and India began investigating Google's gaming app policies. These incidents highlight Alphabet’s ongoing regulatory battles across multiple continents.

Meta

2024 was not only full of social controversies for Meta. The company also encountered governance challenges across multiple jurisdictions. In Europe, Meta faced hefty fines totaling over €1 billion for a data breach and violating EU antitrust rules, alongside investigations for non-compliance with the Digital Markets Act. The company was also involved in a lawsuit from the AMI media association over advertising practices and investor lawsuits linked to the Cambridge Analytica scandal. In South Korea, Meta was fined $15 million for collecting personal information illegally, and in Ireland, a €91 million GDPR compliance fine was imposed. In addition, further complications arose from EU investigations into potential election interference and foreign disinformation. On top of that, Meta faced new lawsuits in Japan over fake advertisements, illustrating the global extent of its legal and regulatory challenges.

Apple

2024 saw Apple wrestling with significant legal and regulatory issues worldwide. The Democratic Republic of Congo accused Apple of using conflict minerals, raising ethical sourcing concerns. In Europe, Apple settled for $14.4 billion over illegal tax benefits and faced a $2 billion EU antitrust fine related to Spotify. Additional investigations included non-compliance under the EU's Digital Markets Act, anti-competitive probes in Spain, and a UK class action over monopolistic data storage practices. In Brazil, Apple was required to remove restrictions on in-app payments. The company also settled a lawsuit involving an iTunes gift card scam and contended with a patent infringement lawsuit in China from Shanghai Xiao-I, highlighting Apple's extensive legal challenges in its global operations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the controversies surrounding environmental, social, and governance issues in 2024 have underscored the urgent need for accountability and transparency within corporations. As these companies grapple with significant backlash and legal challenges, it is clear that stakeholder expectations are evolving. The demand for responsible practices is louder than ever, and the consequences of neglecting these issues can be severe, impacting not just public perception but also financial stability and sustainability.

SESAMm’s AI Technology Reveals ESG Insights

Discover unparalleled insights into ESG controversies, risks, and opportunities across industries. Learn more about how SESAMm can help you analyze millions of private and public companies using AI-powered text analysis tools.

Geopolitical events can quickly create ripple effects across global trade routes, supply chains, and corporate operations. For investors, commercial banks, insurers, and other organizations, identifying which portfolio companies or counterparties are exposed to these developments is a real challenge, especially when monitoring large universes of public and private companies.

SESAMm's thematic keyword search enables analysts to quickly discover controversies related to specific topics or emerging events across thousands of companies. This functionality allows them to filter results by theme without having to manually review large volumes of news and event data.

This functionality is particularly valuable when monitoring rapidly evolving geopolitical situations. To assess exposure related to the current conflict involving Iran, for example, users can run a thematic search across a broad company universe using keywords such as: Iran, Hormuz, and Suez Canal.

These keywords capture references to critical geopolitical locations and maritime chokepoints that may affect global shipping routes, energy markets, cybersecurity risks, and broader operational disruptions. Keywords can be tailored to any geopolitical scenario. Users can start broad and refine as the situation develops, or combine location-based terms with event-specific language to narrow results to the most relevant controversies.

When applied across a large company universe, the dashboard surfaces a range of related controversies ranked by severity. From high-intensity cases like escalating tensions around Iran's Bushehr Nuclear Plant, to medium-intensity signals such as retaliatory actions targeting US banks, offering clear visibility into which companies may face the highest risks.

Zooming In on Company-Level Exposure: The Example of Amazon

Alternatively, analysts can also use the same keyword approach to filter controversies associated with a specific company. This helps determine whether a particular portfolio holding, borrower, or insured entity may be affected by the same geopolitical developments.

Applying this search to Amazon, for instance, surfaces a high-intensity case titled "AWS Data Centers Targeted by Drone Attacks in UAE and Bahrain." The case, rated 4/5 in severity and drawing on over 200 related news events, describes significant damage to AWS infrastructure in the UAE and Bahrain following attacks attributed to Iran, prompting AWS to advise clients to migrate services.

This kind of signal carries real weight for financial institutions. For investors, it highlights operational and geopolitical risks affecting a major technology provider. For banks and insurers, it may point to infrastructure vulnerabilities, operational disruption risks, or broader geopolitical tensions affecting clients' critical systems.

From Geopolitical Events to Portfolio Risk Signals

Geopolitical events rarely affect just one company. For financial institutions monitoring thousands of entities, they create complex, evolving risk exposures across entire portfolios, lending books, and insurance coverage.

Thematic keyword searches help bridge this gap, connecting macro-level developments to company-level controversies quickly and systematically. By combining automated controversy detection with flexible search capabilities, analysts can rapidly identify relevant signals, investigate affected companies, and prioritize follow-up work.

In practice, this means moving faster from emerging geopolitical events to actionable risk insights. Whether the trigger is a conflict in the Middle East, sanctions on a major economy, or rising tensions around a critical shipping lane, the same approach applies, giving investors, banks, and insurers a systematic way to stay ahead of geopolitical risk across their entire portfolio.